Patrick R. McMullen, Ph.D.
Wake Forest University
Schools of Business
Winston-Salem, NC 27109
mcmullpr@wfu.edu

Education

• Doctor of Philosophy, Decision Sciences, University of Oregon, 1995.
• Master of Business Administration, Butler University, 1991.
• Bachelor of Science, Industrial Engineering, University of Louisville, 1987.

• Certification in Computer Programming, North Carolina State University, 2010.
• Certification in Data Analytics Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015.
• Certification in Statistics, Harvard University, 2015.
• Certification in Digital Circuit Design, The University of California at Berkeley, 2015.
• Certification in Introduction to Python for Data Science, The Microsoft Institute, 2016.
• Certification in Circuits and Electronics 1: Basic Circuit Analysis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016.
• Certification in Music Technology, The University of Adelaide (Australia), 2018.
• Certification in Arduino Programming, Institut Mines-Telecom (France), 2018.

Teaching

Classes Taught

• Business Statistics (MBAs and Undergraduates)
• Management Science/Operations Research (MBAs)
• Operations Management (MBAs and Undergraduates)
• Project Management (MBAs)
• Stochastic Financial Modeling (MBAs)
• Forecasting (MBAs and Undergraduates)
• Game Theory (MBAs and Undergraduates)
• International Study Abroad, India (MBAs)
• International Study Abroad, China (MBAs)

Books Authored

The first four books are available via Amazon

• McMullen, Patrick R., Analytics for Liberal Arts Undergraduates, ISBN: 9781098925215, 2019
• McMullen, Patrick R., Statistics for Undergraduate Business Students, ISBN-13: 978-1523456611, ISBN-10: 152345661, 2016
• McMullen, Patrick R., Quantitative Methods for MBA Students, ISBN-13: 978-1523352821, ISBN-10: 1523352825, 2016
• McMullen, Patrick R., A Visual Approach to Statistics with R, ISBN-13: 978-1535168625, ISBN-10: 1535168625, 2016.
• McMullen, Patrick R., Poslovna statistika za stručne studije, Translation by Prijevod: Kristina Devcic, Ana Pericic, ISBN-13: 978-1530490202, ISBN-10: 1530490200, 2017.

Research

Journal Publications

• McMullen, P.R. (2025). "Density Functions and Descriptive Statistics for Distance Measures in Cartesian Space," American Journal of Operations Research, 15 (5), 147-167.
• McMullen, P.R. (2022). "A Search Heuristic to for Multidimensional Scaling," American Journal of Operations Research, 12, 179-193..
• McMullen, P.R. (2020). "Social Distancing via Coulomb's Law," Applied Mathematics, 11, 532-545.
• McMullen, P.R. (2020). "An Agent-Based Approach to the Newsvendor Problem with Price-Sensitive Demand," American Journal of Operations Research, 10, 101-110.
• McMullen, P.R. (2019). "A Markov Simulation Approach to Balancing Bike-Sharing Systems," American Journal of Operational Research, 9(1), 12-17.
• McMullen, P.R. (2017). "Standardization of Winning Streaks in Sports," Applied Mathematics, 8, 344-357.
• McMullen, P.R. (2017). "Ant-Colony Optimization for the System Reliability Problem with Quantity Discounts," American Journal of Operations Research, 7, 99-112.
• McMullen, P.R. (2015). "Using Baseball Data as a Gentle Introduction to Teaching Linear Regression," Creative Education. Vol. 6, No. 14, pp. 1477-1483.
• McMullen, P.R. (2015). "JIT Mixed-Model Sequencing Rules: Is There a Best One?" American Journal of Operations Research. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 22-29.
• McMullen, P.R. (2013). "A Genetic Algorithm for Multiple Inspections with Multiple Objectives" American Journal of Operations Research. Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 463-473.
• McMullen, P.R. (2012). "Limited Resequencing for Mixed-Models with Multiple Objectives, Part II: A Permutation Approach" American Journal of Operations Research. Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 10-21.
• McMullen, P.R., Meredith, J.M. (2010). "Editorial: Passing on the Torch of Operations Management Research," Operations Management Research . Vol. 4, No. 3/4, pp. 87-88.
• McMullen, P.R. (2011). "Limited Resequencing for Mixed-Models with Multiple Objectives," American Journal of Operations Research. Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 220-228.
• McMullen, P.R. (2010). "JIT Mixed-Model Sequencing with Batching and Setups Considerations via Search Heuristics," International Jounal of Production Research. Vol. 47, No. 22, pp. 6559-6582.
• Meredith, J.R. & McMullen, P.R. (2010)."Editorial: State of the Journal: February, 2010," Operations Management Research. Vol. 3, Number 1, pp. 1-6.
• Meredith, J.R. & McMullen, P.R. (2008)."Introducing Operations Mangement Research: Advancing Practice Through Theory,"Operations Management Research. Vol. 1, Number 1, pp. 1-5.
• McMullen, P.R. & Shafer, S.M. (2008)."Beyond Central Tendency:  Helping Students Understand the Concept of Variation,"Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education. Vol. 6, Number 2, pp. 515-519
• Clayton, H. & McMullen, P.R. (2007), "Combining Approaches to Evaluating AuditingPopulations: A Simulation Study," European Journal of Operational Research. Vol. 178, pp. 907-917.
• McMullen, P.R. (2006), "An Objective Function to Address Production Sequencing with Minimal Tooling Replacements," International Journal of Production Research. Vol. 44, No. 12, pp. 2465-2478.
• Albritton, M.D. & McMullen, P.R. (2006), "Classroom Integration of Statistics and Management Science via Forecasting." Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education. Vol. 4, No. 2., pp. 331-336..
• Albritton, M.D., McMullen, P.R. (2007), "Designing Optimal Products Using a Colony of Virtual Ants," European Journal of Operational Research. Vol. 176, pp. 498-520.
• McMullen, P.R., Tarasewich, P. (2006),  Multi-objective assembly line balancing via a modified ant-colony optimization technique International Journal of Production Research. 44, 27-42.
• McMullen, P.R., Tarasewich, P. (2005). A Beam Search Heuristic Method for Mixed-Model Scheduling with Setups, International Journal of Production Economics.  96, 273-283.
• Bell, J., McMullen, P.R. (2004), Ant Colony Optimization Techniques For The Vehicle Routing Problem, Advanced Engineering Informatics. 18, 41-48.
• McMullen, P.R. (2004), "Using Correlation Matrices and Optimization to Add Practical Functionality to Spreadsheet Simulation for MBA-Level Quantitative Analysis Courses," Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education." 3(1), 161-168.
• Rutherford, M. W., Buller, P., McMullen, P.R. (2004), Human Resource Management Problems over the Life Cycle of Small to Medium-Sized Family Firms, Human Resource Management.  42(4), 321-336.
• Albritton, D., McMullen, P.R., Gardiner, L. (2003), OR/MS Content and Visibility in AACSB-Accredited U. S. Business Programs, Interfaces, 33(5), 83-89.
• McMullen, P.R., Tarasewich, P. (2003), Using Ant Techniques to Solve the Assembly Line Balancing Problem, IIE Transactions: Design and Manufacturing, 35(7), 605-617
• McMullen, P.R. (2003), Sequencing for Minimal Tooling Replacements via a Variety of Objective Functions, International Journal of Production Research, 41 (10), 2183-2199.
• McMullen, P.R., Clark, M., Bell, J. and Albritton, D. (2002) A Correlation and Heuristic Approach to Production Sequences with Uniformity of Tool Wear, Computers & Operations Research.30(3), 435-454.
• Mbarika, V., Byrd, T, McMullen, P.R. (2002), Teledensity Growth Constraints and Strategies for Africa's LDCs: 'Viagra' Prescriptions or Sustainable Development Strategy, Jounal of Global Information Technology Management. 5, 25-42.
• McMullen, P.R. (2002), The Permutation Flow Shop Problem with Just in Time Production Considerations, Production Planning and Control. 13, 307-316.
• Rutherford, M., Oswald, S., McMullen, P.R. (2002), Examining the Issue of Size and the Small Business: A Self-Organizing Map Approach,� Journal of Business and Economic Studies. 7, 64-81.
• Tarasewich, P., McMullen, P.R. (2002), Swarm Intelligence: Power in Numbers, Communications of the ACM, 45 (8), 62-67.
• McMullen, P.R. (2001), An Efficient Frontier Approach to Addressing JIT Sequencing Problems with Setups via Search Heuristics, Computers & Industrial Engineering, 41, 335-353.
• McMullen, P.R. (2001), An Ant Colony Optimization Approach Addressing a JIT Sequencing Problem with Multiple Objectives, Artificial Intelligence in Engineering, 15, 309-317.
• Mbarika, V., Byrd, T., Raymond, J., McMullen, P.R. (2001), Investments in Telecommunications Infrastructure Are Not the Panacea for Least Developed Countries Leapfrogging Growth of Teledensity, International Journal for Media Management, 2(3/4), 133-142.
• McMullen, P.R. (2001), A Kohonen Self-Organizing Map Approach to Addressing a Multiple Objective, Mixed-Model JIT Sequencing Problem, International Journal of Production Economics, 72(1), 59-71.
• Tarasewich, P., McMullen, P.R. (2001), A Pruning Heuristic for Use with Multisource Product Design, European Journal of Operational Research, 128(2001), 58-73.
• Powers, J., McMullen, P.R. (2000), Using Data Envelopment Analysis to Select Efficient Large Market Cap Securities, The Journal of Business and Management, 7(2), 31-42.
• McMullen, P.R., Tarasewich, P., Frazier, G.V. (2000), Using Genetic Algorithms to Solve the Multi-Product JIT Sequencing Problem with Setups, International Journal of Production Research, 38(12), 2653-70.
• McMullen, P.R., Frazier, G.V. (2000), A Simulated Annealing Approach to Mixed-Model Sequencing with Multiple Objectives on a JIT Line, IIE Transactions: Scheduling and Logistics, 32(8), 679-686.
• McMullen, P.R. (2000), Assembly Line Design: Basic Concepts, Encyclopedia of Production and Manufacturing Management, Paul Swamidass, editor. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 46-50.
• McMullen, P.R., Tarasewich, P. (1999), Selection of Notebook Computers Using Data Envelopment Analysis, The Southern Business and Economic Journal, 23(3), 200-214.
• McMullen, P.R., Strong, R.A. (1999), Determination of Lockbox Collection Points via Simulated Annealing, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 50(1), 44-51.
• McMullen, P.R., Frazier, G.V. (1998), Using Simulation and Data Envelopment Analysis to Compare Assembly Line Balancing Solutions, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 11(2), 149-168.
• McMullen, P.R., Frazier, G.V. (1998), Using Simulated Annealing to Solve a Multiobjective Assembly Line Balancing Problem with Parallel Work Stations, International Journal of Production Research, 36(10),2717-41.
• McMullen, P.R., (1998), JIT Sequencing for Mixed-Model Assembly Lines with Setups Using Tabu Search, Production Planning & Control, 9(5), pp. 504-10.
• McMullen, P.R., Strong, R.A. (1998), Selection of Mutual Funds Using Data Envelopment Analysis, Journal of Business and Economics Studies, 4(1), 1-12.
• McMullen, P.R., Frazier, G.V. (1997), A Heuristic for Solving Mixed-Model Line Balancing Problems with Stochastic Task Durations and Parallel Stations, International Journal of Production Economics, 51(3), 177-190.
• McMullen, P.R. (1997), Assessment of MBA Programs Using Data Envelopment Analysis, Journal of Business and Management, 5(1), 77-91. Press Release.

Papers Under Review

• McMullen, P.R., "Standardization of Sports Streaks,"Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports

• "Heat Maps for Optimization" targeted for Journal of the Operational Research Society

Published Proceedings

• "Production Sequencing with Minimal Tooling Replacements," Proceedings of the Decision Sciences Institute, San Francisco, CA, November, 2005
• "Stratified Sampling via a Genetic Algorithm," Proceedings of the Decision Sciences Institute, Washington, D.C., November, 2003. Co-authored with M. David Albritton.
• "Minimizing Tool Replacements," Proceedings of the Northeast Decision Sciences Institute, Providence, Rhode Island, 2003. Co-authored with David Pentico.
• "A Simulated Annealing Approach to Munitions Positioning," Proceedings of the Annual POMS Conference, Savannah, Georgia, 2003. Co-authored with John Bell.
• "An Ant Colony Optimization Approach for the Vehicle Routing Problem," Proceedings of the Western Decision Sciences Institute, Kauai, Hawaii, 2003. Co-authored with John Bell.
• "Sequencing Techniques to Minimize Tooling Replacements," Proceedings of the Decision Sciences Institute, San Diego, CA, 2002. Co-authored with David Pentico and Jeannie Sivel.
• "An Examination of the Threshold Concept: A Self-Organizing Map Approach," Babson-Kaufman Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Boulder, CO, 2002. Co-authored with Matthew W. Rutherford, Sharon Oswald and Paul F. Buller.
• "An Examination of the Organizational Life-Cycle in the Small and Medium Enterprise: A Self-Organizing Map Approach," Proceedings of the Western Academy of Management Conference, Santa Fe, NM, 2002. Co-authored with Matthew W. Rutherford, Sharon Oswald and Peter Stanwick.
• "Using Swarm Intelligence to Solve the Product Line Design Problem," Proceedings Annual Conference of the Decision Science Institute, San Francisco, CA, 2001. Co-authored with Peter Tarasewich and Suresh Nair.
• "A Canonical Correlation and Heuristic Approach to Uniform Tool Wear," Proceedings Annual Conference of the Decision Science Institute, San Francisco, CA, 2001. Co-authored with Mark Clark, John Bell and David Albritton.
• "A Simulation Study on Combining Approaches for Evaluating Auditing Populations," Proceedings Annual Conference of the Decision Science Institute, San Francisco, CA, 2001. Co-authored with Howard Clayton.
• "Studying the Teledensity of Least-Developed African Countries," Proceedings of HICSS 34, Wailea, Maui, Hawaii 2001. Co-authored with Victor Mbarika and John Warren.
• "Testing a Critical Mass View of the Small Firm with Artificial Neural Networks," Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Decision Sciences Institute, Orlando, Florida, 2000. Co-authored with Matthew Rutherford and Sharon Oswald.
• "Using Search Heuristics and an Efficient Frontier Approach to Address JIT Sequencing Problems with Setups," Proceedings of the YOR 11 Conference, Cambridge, England, March, 2000.
• "The Hub Location Problem with Endogenous Treatment of Hubs Addressed via Simulated Annealing," Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Decision Sciences Institute, New Orleans, LA, 1999.
• "Using Data Envelopment Analysis as a Selection Tool for Notebook Personal Computers," Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Northeast Decision Sciences Institute, Newport, RI, 1999. Co-authored with Peter Tarasewich and Jennifer Ford.
• "Using Simulated Annealing to Address JIT Sequencing for Mixed-Model Assembly Lines with Setups," Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Decision Sciences Institute, Las Vegas, NV, 1998. Co-authored with Gregory V. Frazier.
• "Using Simulated Annealing for Lockbox Collection Points," Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Decision Sciences Institute, Las Vegas, NV, 1998. Co-authored with Robert A. Strong.
• "Using A Genetic Algorithm to Solve the Multi-Product JIT Sequencing with Setups," Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Northeast Association of Business and Economics, Newport, RI, 1998. Co-authored with Peter Tarasewich.
• "Multiple Objective, Mixed-Model JIT Assembly Line Sequencing with Setups," Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Decision Sciences Institute, San Diego, CA, 1997.
• "Using Data Envelopment Analysis for Assessment of MBA Programs," Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Northeast Association of Business and Economics, Philadelphia, PA, 1997.
• "Assembly Line Balancing Problem with Paralleling of Work Stations Solved by Simulated Annealing." Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Decision Sciences Institute, Orlando, FL, 1996. Co-authored with Gregory V. Frazier.
• "Assembly Line Balancing Using Simulation and Data Envelopment Analysis." Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Decision Sciences Institute, Orlando, FL, 1996. Co-authored with Gregory V. Frazier.
• "Comparing Assembly Line Balancing Solutions via Data Envelopment Analysis," Proceedings of the Western Decision Sciences Institute, Seattle, WA, 1996. Co-authored with Gregory V. Frazier and Robert J. Marois.
• "Using an Efficient Work Station Oriented Approach to Solve the Assembly Line Balancing Problem," Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Decision Sciences Institute, Boston, MA, 1995.
• "Investigation of the Appropriateness of Using JIT for a Steel Stamping Application: A Simulation Approach," Proceedings of the Midwest Decision Sciences Institute, St Louis, MO, 1995. Co-authored with Curt A. Crippes.
• "A Simulation Approach for Solving Mixed-Model Assembly Line Balancing Problem with Stochastic Durations," Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Western Decision Sciences Institute, San Francisco, CA, 1995. Co-authored with Gregory V. Frazier.
• "A Simulation Evaluation of Varying Batch-Sizes in a Sausage-Processing Operation,� Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Decision Sciences Institute, Honolulu, HI, 1994.
• "Trends in Group Technology/Cellular Manufacturing Research," Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Decision Sciences Institute, Washington, D.C., 1993. Co-authored with Gregory V. Frazier.

Journals Refereed

• Operations Management Research (Served as co Editor-in-Chief, 2007-2012)
• Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education (Served as Area Editor, 2009 - 2010)
• American Journal of Operations Research
• Computers and Industrial Engineering
• Computers and Operations Research
• Decision Support Systems
• European Journal of Operational Research
• IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computing
• International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing
• International Journal of Production Research
• International Journal of Production Economics
• Journal of Business and Economic Studies
• Journal of Business and Management

Research Interests

• Optimization of Production Systems
• Simulation of Production Systems
• Data Envelopment Analysis
• Game Theory and Decision Analysis
• Applied Statistics
• Applied Econometrics and Time Series Analysis
• Search Heuristics (Simulated Annealing, Genetic Algorithms, Tabu Search, Artificial Neural Networks, Ant-Colony Optimization)

Programming Languages Used

• BASIC
• C/C++
• FORTRAN
• HTML
• Java
• JavaScript
• LISP
• NetLogo
• PERL
• Pyton
• R
• SAS
• SPSS
• Visual BASIC

Academic Awards

• Recipient of the Wake Forest University / Schools of Business Educator Award, awarded by the Charlotte Evening Class of 2014.  This award is presented annually to a faculty member in recognition of outstanding contributions to the educational development of the students.
• Recipient of the Wake Forest University / Schools of Business Educator Award, awarded by the Charlotte Saturday Class of 2010.  This award is presented annually to a faculty member in recognition of outstanding contributions to the educational development of the students.
• Recipient of the Wake Forest University / Schools of Business Educator Award, awarded by the Charlotte Saturday Class of 2006.  This award is presented annually to a faculty member in recognition of outstanding contributions to the educational development of the students.
• Recipient of the Cowan Research Prize in 2006. This award is presented annually to a faculty member at Wake Forest University's Babcock Graduate School of Management who meets the highest standards in research excellence.
• Recipient of the Pearson Family Award for Best Paper ("Minimizing Tooling Replacements") at the 2003 Northeast Decision Sciences Institute Annual Conference in Providence, Rhode Island. David Pentico of Duquesne University was co-recipient.
• Recipient of Auburn University College of Business Outstanding Researcher Award for 2001-2002 academic year. This is a college-wide award which recognizes outstanding research contributions.
• Nominated for Alumni Teaching Award at Auburn University for 2001-2002 academic year. This is a university-wide award which recognizes outstanding teaching.
• Received Outstanding Paper Award at the 1998 Northeast Business and Economics Association Annual Conference in Newport, RI, for "Using a Genetic Algorithm to Solve the Mixed Model JIT Sequencing Problem."
• Nominated for the University of Oregon Graduate Teaching Fellow of the year award for the 1993-1994 academic year. The award recognizes outstanding teaching.
• Received the Graduate Teaching Fellow of the year award from the University of Oregon College of Business Administration for the 1992-1993 academic year. The award recognizes outstanding teaching.

Experience

Academic

Associate Professor, Wake Forest University, Babcock Graduate School of Management, 2003-Present.
Teach MBA students Quantitative Methods.

Associate Professor, Auburn University, College of Business, 1999-2003.
Teach undergraduates and MBA students Operations Management, and teach MBA students Operations Research.

Visiting Professor, Harvard University, Department of Economics, 1997-2000.
Teach undergraduate and graduate students Econometrics and Time Series Forecasting, as well as Game Theory.

Assistant Professor, University of Maine, Maine Business School, 1995-1999.
Taught undergraduates and MBA students Production and Operations Management, and teach MBA students Operations Research and Applied Statistics.

Graduate Teaching Fellow, University of Oregon, College of Business Administration, Decision Sciences Department, 1992-1995.
Taught undergraduates Production and Operations Management.

Professional

Senior Industrial Engineer, Steel Parts Corporation, Tipton, IN, 1991-1992.
Performed classical industrial engineering functions such as: motion and time-study, plant layout, project management and labor negotiations with union officials. Also served as facility environmental engineer.

Industrial Engineering Manager, National Foods, Indianapolis, IN, 1988-1991.
Performed functions such as product labor and material costing, motion and time-study and project management. Supervised one data-entry employee.

Junior Industrial Engineer, Armour Foods, Louisville, KY, 1987-1988.
Performed motion and time study, project management and plant layout.

Personal

Born on 16 July 1964 in Louisville, KY.

Have two children: Kirby (1/16/96) and Abby (3/12/99)

Enjoy cycling , playing guitar, tropical fish (specifically African cichlids), golf (mid-80s is a good day), traveling (I've been to all 50 states. North Dakota and Nebraska recently put me over the top), reading (Dostoevsky, Austen, Thomas Mann, etc.), computer programming, popular mathematics, creating digital art, wood-carving and sculpture.

Personal highlights

• My children's birthday's (1/16/96 and 3/12/99)
• Seeing (in person) the University of Louisville win the national basketball championship in Dallas, TX (3/30/86)
• Seeing (in person) the University of Oregon play in the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, CA (1/2/95)
• Successfully defending my doctoral dissertation (5/8/95)
• and drinking beer in Innsbruck, Austria with Peter Hook, the bass player for the legendary British bands Joy Division and New Order (10/19/90)
• Being offered a faculty position at Wake Forest University (January, 2003)
• Dressing up like Elvis (along with my friends) in Las Vegas (February, 2003)
• Going to Miami with family and friends to see Louisville (my alma mater) play Wake Forest (my employer) in the 2007 Orange Bowl (1/2/2007)
• Leading our MBA students to India
• Visiting the Haida Gwaii, the cultural heart of the Haida tribe, in August, 2008
• Visiting Tibet (May, 2009)
• Taking my son to Pasadena, California to watch the University of Oregon win the 2012 Rose Bowl (1/2/2012)
• Taking my daughter to Annapolis, Maryland to watch the Wake Forest win their bowl game (12/27/2016)

• The Brother Karamazov (Fyodor Dostoeveky)
• Crime and Punichment (Fyodor Dostoevsky)
• The Glass Palace (Amitav Ghosh)
• War and Peace (Leo Tolstoy)
• Anna Karenina (Leo Tolstoy)
• The Magic Mountain (Thomas Mann)
• The Razor's Edge (W. Somerset Maugham)
• The Grapes of Wrath (John Steinbeck)
• East of Eden (John Steinbeck)
• Factotum (Charles Bukowski)
• Madame Bovary (Gustav Flaubert)
• Beat to Quarters (C.S. Forester)
• Persuasion (Jane Austen)
• Oil (Upton Sinclair)
• The Snow Leopard (Peter Matthiessen)
• Of Human Bondage (W. Somerset Maugham)

• A Clockwork Orange (Stanley Kubrick)
• Raging Bull (Martin Scorsese)
• Taxi Driver (Martin Scorsese)
• Boogie Nights (Paul Thomas Anderson)
• The Verdict (Sidney Lumet)
• Scarface (Drian DePalma)
• Full Metal Jacket (Stanley Kubrick)
• Heaven Can Wait (Warren Beatty)
• Whale Rider (Niko Caro)
• Apocalypse Now (Francis Ford Coppola)
• Cinema Paradiso (Guiseppe Tornatore)
• The Godfather, I and II (Francis Ford Coppola)
• Control (Anton Corbijn)
• The Cook, The Thief, His Wife and Her Lover (Peter Greenaway)

References

Jack R. Meredith
Wake Forest University
Schools of Business
Winston-Salem, NC, 27109

Gregory V. Frazier
The University of Texas at Arlington
College of Business
Department of Information Systems and Management Sciences
Arlington, TX 76019-0377

Virginia R. Gibson
University of Maine
College of Business
Orono, ME 04469-5723

Umit Akinc
Wake Forest University
Schools of Business
Winston-Salem, NC 27109